1860
The Frenchman
Lenoir
constructs the first
internal-combustion engine; this powerplant
relies on city gas as its fuel source. Thermal
efficiency is in the 3% range.
1867
Otto and Langen
display an improved inter-
nal-combustion engine at the Paris Interna-
tional Exhibition. Its thermal efficiency is ap-
proximately 9%.
1876
Otto
builds the first gas-powered engine to uti-
lise the
four-stroke
compression cycle.
At virtu-
ally the same time
Clerk
constructs the first gas-
powered
two-stroke engine
in England.
1883
Daimler
and
Maybach
develop the first high-
speed
four-cycle petrol engine
using a
hot-
tube ignition
system.
1885
The first
automobile
from
Benz
(patented in
1886). First
self-propelled motorcycle
from
Daimler (Fig. 1).
1886
First
four-wheeled motor carriage
with
petrol
engine
from
Daimler (Fig. 2).
1887
Bosch
invents the
magneto ignition.
1889
Dunlop
in England produces the first
pneu-
matic tyres.
1893
Maybach
invents the
spray-nozzle carburet-
tor
.
Diesel
patents his design for a heavy oil-
burning powerplant employing the self-igni-
tion concept.
1897
MAN
presents the first workable diesel engine.
1897
First
Electromobile
from
Lohner-Porsche (Fig. 2).
1913
Ford
introduces the
production line
to auto-
motive manufacturing. Production of the
Tin
Lizzy
(Model T,
Fig. 3).
By 1925, 9,109 were
leaving the production line each day.
1916
The
Bavarian Motor Works
are founded.
1923
First
motor lorry
powered by a
diesel engine
produced by
Benz-MAN (Fig. 4).
1936
Daimler-Benz
inaugurates series-production of
passenger cars propelled by
diesel engines.
1938
The
VW Works
are founded in Wolfsburg.
1949
First
low-profile tyre
and first
steel-belted ra-
dial tyre
produced by
Michelin.
1954
NSU-Wankel
constructs the
rotary engine (Fig. 4).
1966
Electronic fuel injection (D-Jetronic)
for stan-
dard production vehicles produced by
Bosch
.
1970
Seatbelts
for driver and front passengers.
1978
Mercedes-Benz installs the first
Antilock Brak-
ing System (ABS)
in vehicles.
1984
Debut of the
airbag
and
seatbelt tensioning
system
.
1985
Advent of a
catalytic converter
designed for
operation in conjunction with closed-loop mix-
ture control, intended for use with unleaded
fuel.
1997
Electronic
suspension control systems (ESP)
.
Toyota builds first passenger car with a
hybrid
drive. Alfa Romeo
introduces the
common-rail
direct injection (CRDI) system
for diesel engines.
As of
Advanced driver assistance systems
, such
as
2000
parking assistance, distance warning systems,
lane change assistance.
Modern
Automotive Technology
Fundamentals, service, diagnostics
2nd English edition
The German edition was written by technical instructors, engineers and technicians
Editorial office (German edition): R. Gscheidle, Studiendirektor, Winnenden – Stuttgart
VERLAG EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL · Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG
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